SvelteKit Image Plugin: Next‑Gen Images in Svelte # SvelteKit Image Plugin: Next-Gen Images in Svelte #

🧱 What are We Building? #

We'll start with the SvelteKit MDsveX starter  and add a responsive image to the home page. We will see how you can generate a low resolution placeholder as well as an alternative dominant colour placeholder. We will generate a WebP Next-Gen format image together with the original JPEG in different sizes, so the image looks good on large retina displays without having to download a huge image for small mobile displays. Using the placeholders, we will eliminate image layout shift.

If that all sounds good, then why don't we get cracking?

🚀 Getting Started #

To get the ball rolling, clone the MDsveX SvelteKit starter  and get your local clone ready for development:

    
git clone https://github.com/rodneylab/sveltekit-blog-mdx.git sveltekit-image-plugin
cd sveltekit-image-plugin
pnpm install
cp .env.EXAMPLE .env
pnpm run dev

  

Here we clone the repo into a new directory, change into that directory, install packages and create some placeholder environment variables. Finally, we spin up the dev server. Swap pnpm for npm if you prefer npm, or use the yarn equivalent, if you are a yarn person.

We will need a couple of packages later, let's install them now:

    
pnpm install -D sharp vanilla-lazyload

  

We are installing the same version of sharp here which is used in vite-imagetools (see below). We will use sharp to help create the placeholder images.

We are also using vite-imagetools  . This is already included in the repo. If you are following along on your own existing project, install vite-imagetools now. Also, see how to configure it in your vite.config.js file (no need to do this if you cloned the starter as described above):

    
1 import { sveltekit } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';
2 import { imagetools } from 'vite-imagetools';
3 
4 /** @type {import('vite').UserConfig} */
5 const config = {
6   define: {
7     'process.env.VITE_BUILD_TIME': JSON.stringify(new Date().toISOString()),
8   },
9   plugins: [imagetools(), sveltekit()],
10 };
11 
12 export default config;

  

🖼 Basic Image with vite‑imagetools #

Now let's add a JPEG, as a starting point. Download the file me.jpg  and save it in the src/lib/assets/ directory in the project. That image is 1344 pixels wide. We will display the image at a maximum width of 672 px and need the input to be double that to cater for retina displays. The next step is to render the image, edit src/routes/index.svelte:

    
19 <script> ogSquareImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home-open-graph-square.jpg';
20   import ogImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home-open-graph.jpg';
21   import twitterImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home-twitter.jpg';
22   import featuredImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home.jpg';
23   import meImage from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=672';
24   import BlogRoll from '$lib/components/BlogRoll.svelte';
25   import Card from '$lib/components/Card.svelte';
26   import SEO from '$lib/components/SEO/index.svelte';
27   import website from '$lib/config/website';
28   // ...
29 </script>

  

Here we import the image into the meImage variable. Note, we added a query string onto the end: ?w=672. vite-imagetools will process the import and generate a 672 pixel wide output for us. This will be our base fallback image, we will include the 1344 px wide retina image later. SvelteKit will copy the image to the build directory and cache it. For now, working on the dev server, the meImage variable just links to a temporary file. You can see this if you console log it. As the variable points to the image source we want to use, we can use it as the src attribute in an img tag. Let's do that next:

    
86   <SEO {...seoProps} />
87   <header>
88     <h1>Climate &mdash; Sveltekit Starter</h1>
89     <h2>SvelteKit MDsveX (Markdown for Svelte) Blog</h2>
90   </header>
91   <img
92     alt={featuredImageAlt}
93     loading="lazy"
94     decoding="async"
95     width="672"
96     height="448"
97     src={meImage}
98   />
99   <Card>
100   <h2><span>About me</span></h2>
101   <p>
102     I live and breathe analogue photography. I show you my favourite analogue film cameras on this
103     site. Hopefully if you are not into analogue photography yet, some of my enthusiasm will rub off
104     onto you.
105   </p>
106 </Card>

  

There is a lot to remember in setting up responsive images and I find this tweet from Addy Osmani  really helpful:

img Element Attributes #

We will work towards something along those lines. Anyway, going back to the img element we just created, you are probably already aware the alt attribute is important for users with visual impairments and describes the image.

Next, the loading attribute can be eager (default) or lazy. This determines whether the browser defers loading until the image is in the viewport. As a rule of thumb, the largest image, initially in the visible viewport (before the user scrolls down), should be eager loading. This is so that the page looks interactive quicker. Any other images can be set to lazy. Here, since we want to see how to set up a lazy loading image in our example we will set it to lazy, even though our image is initially in the visible viewport. loading is not supported by all browsers, so we have a couple more lazy loading tricks later.

The decoding attribute set to async hints that the browser should start decoding the image and immediately continue parsing the remaining content, rather than waiting for decode to complete before proceeding. This is another measure to improve user experience, so we get more content visible quicker.

Finally, it is important to set height and width, to reduce cumulative layout shift. By setting both height and width, the browser knows the aspect ratio of the image and can reserve the right amount of space for it in the layout, while it waits for it to load. Read more about img element tags from MDN  .

Let's also update the styling of the image at the bottom of our home page file:

    
109 <style lang="scss">
110   header > h2 {
111     font-size: $font-size-3;
112   }
113  
114   img {
115     border-radius: $spacing-1;
116     margin: $spacing-6 $spacing-0 $spacing-12;
117     max-width: 100%;
118     height: auto;
119   }
120 </style>

  

💫 Creating Low Resolution and Dominant Colour Placeholders #

Placeholders are another trick for reducing cumulative layout shift. To do this, they need to be exactly the same size as the actual image (though they are typically lower resolution). On top, they make the page look more interesting, while the actual image loads, again improving user experience.

We will use the sharp imaging plugin  to generate the placeholders. sharp will encode these as Base64 strings  for us. We will make our placeholder generation functions available via a server endpoint. Within the load function  (first script block) on our page, we load the placeholders before we render the page. Let's tackle things in that order.

The starter already includes some image utility functions. Let's have a look at src/lib/utilities/image.js (no need to change anything in the project here):

    
1 import sharp from 'sharp';
2  
3 export async function dominantColour({ source }) {
4   try {
5     const image = sharp(source);
6     const { dominant } = await image.stats();
7     return dominant;
8   } catch (error) {
9     console.error('Error determining dominant colour: ', source);
10   }
11 }
12  
13 export async function lowResolutionPlaceholder({ source }) {
14   try {
15     const image = sharp(source);
16     const buffer = await image
17       .resize(10)
18       .jpeg({
19         quality: 50,
20         progressive: true,
21         optimiseScans: true,
22         chromaSubsampling: '4:2:0',
23         trellisQuantisation: true,
24         quantisationTable: 2,
25       })
26       .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: false });
27     return `data:image/jpeg;base64,${(await buffer).toString('base64')}`;
28   } catch (error) {
29     console.error('Error generating low resolution placeholder: ', source);
30   }
31 }

  

async/await in Brief #

We are using async/await here. As an example, in line 6, generating the image stats might not be immediate. The result however is needed in the next line. Normally, JavaScript code runs asynchronously, which means it won't wait for the result of line 6 before starting work on line 7, (it just starts execution and hopes for the best!). This is different to how code generated by many other languages runs.

To help us out, the sharp library authors implemented the stats() function to return a promise instead of the result. A promise will either fail or eventually resolve to the result. By including the keyword await, we tell the server not to continue to line 7 until the promise is resolved, and we have a result. Whenever we use the await keyword in a function, we also need to add the async keyword to the function signature (you can see this in line 3). Finally, since the promise can fail, it is a good idea to wrap the block in a try/catch block.

Where to Learn More #

That is a very basic explanation. I found Jonas Schmedtmann's Udemy course  fantastic on explaining some key JavaScript concepts (please don't pay the full price... you should be able to get it much cheaper if you set up a new account). Also, see MDN Using Promises documents  as a free alternative.

Dominant Colour Placeholder Function #

The dominantColour function uses the sharp library, and we can use the result to generate a placeholder which is a block in a single colour, much like the image placeholders you see on Twitter. Let's create a function which uses it to generate a 3 px × 2 px image (same aspect ratio as our originals):

    
13 export const dominantColourPlaceholder = async ({ source }) => {
14   try {
15     const dominant = await dominantColour({ source });
16     const { r, g, b } = dominant;
17     const buffer = await sharp({
18       create: {
19         width: 3,
20         height: 2,
21         channels: 3,
22         background: { r, g, b },
23       },
24     })
25       .jpeg()
26       .toBuffer({ resolveWithObject: false });
27     return `data:image/jpeg;base64,${buffer.toString('base64')}`;
28   } catch (error) {
29     console.error('Error determining dominant colour: ', source);
30   }
31 };

  

Finally, the lowResolutionPlaceholder function resizes the input to ten pixels wide and reduces the quality. See sharp API docs on resizing images  if you want to tweak the parameters for your own project. Both functions output a Base64 encoded string.

Before we move on, let's export a path we will use later

    
1 import sharp from 'sharp';
2  
3 export const IMAGE_DIR = '/src/lib/assets/';

  

Placeholder Endpoint #

Next we want to create an endpoint which we can send our images to for processing and which uses our new functions. Create a new folder in the project at src/routes/api and within the new directory add a image-placeholders.json.js file and add this content:

    
1 import {
2   dominantColourPlaceholder,
3   IMAGE_DIR,
4   lowResolutionPlaceholder,
5 } from '$lib/utilities/image';
6 import path from 'path';
7 const __dirname = path.resolve();
8  
9 export async function POST({request}) {
10   try {
11     const { images } = await request.json();
12 
13     const dominantColourPromises = images.map((element) => {
14       const source = path.join(__dirname, IMAGE_DIR, element);
15       return dominantColourPlaceholder({ source });
16     });
17  
18     const placeholderPromises = images.map((element) => {
19       const source = path.join(__dirname, IMAGE_DIR, element);
20       return lowResolutionPlaceholder({ source });
21     });
22  
23     const dominantColours = await Promise.all(dominantColourPromises);
24     const placeholders = await Promise.all(placeholderPromises);
25     return {
26       body: JSON.stringify({ placeholders, dominantColours }),
27     };
28   } catch (err) {
29     console.log('Error: ', err);
30  
31     return {
32       status: 500,
33       error: 'Error retrieving data',
34     };
35   }
36 };

  

Our endpoint can process multiple images in a single request. We feed in file names in an images array, it looks for these files in the src/lib/assets folder. Once again, we are using promises. If you looked at promises for the first time in the code block above, you might want to gloss over the details here, as this is next level promises.

In line 13 we are using Array.map()  to go through each element of the provided array of images and map the elements to a new output array; dominantColourPromises. So the first element of images corresponds to the first element of dominantColourPromises and so on. You might remember that dominantColourPlaceholder was an async function, which means it returns a promise. As a consequence, in the last line of the map function (line 15), when we return the result of the call to dominantColourPlaceholder, we are actually adding a promise to the output array, rather than the result. dominantColourPromises is in fact an array of promises (the name should make sense now).

Promise.all() #

JavaScript has an efficient way to handle an array of promises, so we do not have to wait for the promise in the first element dominantColourPromises to resolve before we start processing the second. We can start them running immediately, one after the other. This is convenient here, as there is no link between the dominant colour of one image and the next. We just need to make sure all the promises are resolved before we return the entire array. That is what the code in line 23 does. It takes the input array of promises and once they have all resolved, generates an output array of the results. As a warning, this works fine with Array.map(), though if we needed to use Array.forEach() instead (and some other array methods), we would have to handle promises differently.

For our example, we will pass in an array containing a single image, though the code can handle multiple images efficiently. The endpoint responds with an object containing two arrays: placeholders and dominantColours. These both map to the input image array and are returned in line 26. Speaking of which, let's next call the endpoint from our home page Svelte file.

📱 SvelteKit Image Plugin: Making it Responsive #

We can easily generate images in multiple formats and sizes using the vite-imagetools plugin. However, for generating our placeholders, we will use our endpoint. In theory, you can create a low-resolution placeholder with vite-imagetools by just setting image width to 10 pixels in the query string. However, we have created functions, so that you can see how to do it yourself. On top, that trick wouldn't generate a dominant colour placeholder.

Next in our load function we will call the new endpoint to pull in the placeholders. Following that, we will generate the responsive images using vite-imagetools. Finally, we set the placeholders to display initially and until the actual image loads.

First, update the load function in src/routes/index.svelte:

    
1 <script context="module">
2   /**
3    * @type {import('@sveltejs/kit').Load}
4    */
5   export async function load({ fetch }) {
6     const url = './index.json';
7     const postsPromise = fetch(url);
8     const placeholdersPromise = fetch('/api/image-placeholders.json', {
9       method: 'POST',
10       credentials: 'same-origin',
11       headers: {
12         'Content-Type': 'application/json',
13       },
14       body: JSON.stringify({
15         images: ['me.jpg'],
16       }),
17     });
18  
19     const [postsResponse, placeholdersResponse] = await Promise.all([
20       postsPromise,
21       placeholdersPromise,
22     ]);
23  
24     if (postsResponse.ok && placeholdersResponse.ok) {
25       return {
26         props: { ...(await postsResponse.json()), ...(await placeholdersResponse.json()) },
27       };
28     }
29  
30     return {};
31   }
32 </script>
33  
34 <script>
35   // ...
36 </script>

  

In line 15 we can give all the images we want to generate placeholders for. For our case, it is just the one. In line 27 we make the placeholder available in the following script block.

Let's generate the responsive images now, using vite-imagetools in the main script block:

    
34 <script>
35   import ogSquareImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home-open-graph-square.jpg';
36   import ogImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home-open-graph.jpg';
37   import twitterImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home-twitter.jpg';
38   import featuredImageSrc from '$lib/assets/home/home.jpg';
39   import meImageSrcsetWebp from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=1344;672;336&format=webp&as=srcset';
40   import meImageSrcset from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=1344;672;336&as=srcset';
41   import meImage from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=672';
42   // ...
43 </script>

  

As before, we use query parameters to tell vite-imagetools what to generate. Here we generate a srcset which is needed to create a responsive image. The srcset is just there to tell the browser what image sizes are available. In our case we have three image widths which are double width, for retina displays, 672 pixel wide (for desktop) and half-width, for mobile. You can add more, depending on common display widths used by your site visitors. In the two highlighted lines, vite-imagetools generates srcset attributes for WebP and JPEG, which we can use in a picture element on our page. Check the vite-imagetools documentation for a full list of available query parameters  .

Responsive Markup #

Let’s wrap our img element in a picture element and add the responsive images. We also define sizes in the last line of the script block. This serves as a guide to browsers to choose the right responsive image source based on display width. The syntax is similar to the CSS media query  syntax. Essentially, here, we tell the browser that the image width will be equal to the viewport width less our margin. This is in the case that the viewport is smaller than 672 pixels wide. Otherwise, the image is 672 pixels wide. The information is handy because it lets the browser download the right images, while it is still working out the layout.

    
86 <script>
87   //...
88   const seoProps = {
89     title,
90     slug: '',
91     entityMeta,
92     datePublished: '2021-07-07T14:19:33.000+0100',
93     lastUpdated: '2021-07-07T14:19:33.000+0100',
94     breadcrumbs,
95     metadescription,
96     featuredImage,
97     ogImage,
98     ogSquareImage,
99     twitterImage,
100   };
101   const sizes = '(max-width: 672px) calc(100vw - 32px), 672px';
102 </script>
103  
104 <SEO {...seoProps} />
105 <header>
106   <h1>Climate &mdash; Sveltekit Starter</h1>
107   <h2>SvelteKit MDsveX (Markdown for Svelte) Blog</h2>
108 </header>
109 <picture>
110   <source {sizes} srcset={meImageSrcsetWebp} type="image/webp" width="672" height="448" />
111   <source {sizes} srcset={meImageSrcset} type="image/jpeg" width="672" height="448" />
112   <img
113     class="lazy"
114     alt={featuredImageAlt}
115     loading="eager"
116     decoding="async"
117     width="672"
118     height="448"
119     src={meImage}
120   />
121 </picture>
122 <Card>

  

Here we add the srcset attributes, specifying the WebP image first, then the JPEG. The order is important here. The browser tries the sources in the order they appear. If it does not support WebP, it tries the next source, which is JPEG, and settles for that as a fallback. If you included AVIF and JPEG XL too, since JPEG XL is new and enjoys less support than AVIF and WebP the order would be JPEG XL, AVIF, then WebP and finally JPEG as a fallback.

Have a look at the page in your browser, and right-click and save the image. If you have WebP support in your browser, you should see it saves a WebP format image. The final piece missing is the placeholders. Let's get those in and wrap up.

🥱 Adding Lazy Loading #

We will use vanilla-lazyload to do the heavy lifting with lazy loading. It makes use of the Intersection Observer API so the browser shows placeholders until the image is within the visible viewport. You will still see the blur-up effect as the image loads.

To use vanilla-lazyload, we need some JavaScript code to load on every page with lazy loading content. On most sites, this would be every page, so we can place the code in the layout component. Edit src/routes/__layout.svelte to import the plugin and then create an instance if one does not yet exist:

    
14 <script>
15   //...
16   import '$lib/styles/normalise.css';
17   import '$lib/styles/index.scss';
18   import lazyload from 'vanilla-lazyload';
19   import { browser } from '$app/env';
20  
21   import Footer from '$lib/components/Footer.svelte';
22   import Header from '$lib/components/Header.svelte';
23   import PWA from '$lib/components/PWA.svelte';
24  
25   if (browser && !document.lazyloadInstance) {
26     document.lazyloadInstance = new lazyload();
27   }
28 </script>

  

browser is a boolean which is true when code is running in the browser as opposed to on the SvelteKit server. This is needed here because accessing the document object on the server would throw an error.

Let's return to the home page code and finish things off. We need to import the dominantColours and placeholders props which we created in the load function. We also need to tell our lazyload code to update when the pages loads:

    
34 <script>
35   import { browser } from '$app/env';
36   import meImageSrcsetWebp from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=1344;672;336&format=webp&as=srcset';
37   import meImageSrcset from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=1344;672;336&as=srcset';
38   import meImage from '$lib/assets/me.jpg?w=672';
39   import BlogRoll from '$lib/components/BlogRoll.svelte';
40   import Card from '$lib/components/Card.svelte';
41   import SEO from '$lib/components/SEO/index.svelte';
42   import website from '$lib/config/website';
43   import { onMount } from 'svelte';
44  
45   export let dominantColours;
46   export let placeholders;
47   export let posts;
48  
49   onMount(() => {
50     if (browser) {
51       document.lazyloadInstance.update();
52     }
53   });
54   // ...
55 </script>

  

Now when the pages loads, vanilla-lazyload will look for img elements with the lazy class (it also works on iframes, as you can see in this short video). Initially, we want to show the placeholder image so, we set out img element's src to the placeholder image. Although we are working with Base64 images encoded in a string, instead of a path to an image file, we can use the src attribute in exactly the same way. vanilla-lazyload determines when it is time to load the final image, replacing the placeholder. For it to know what the final attribute should be, we tweak the code slightly, so where we would have sizes, srcset, and src normally, we use data-sizes, data-srcset and data-src. vanilla-lazyload swaps these out for the right content when it is time to load the image. Let's update the picture element:

    
114 <SEO {...seoProps} />
115 <header>
116   <h1>Climate &mdash; Sveltekit Starter</h1>
117   <h2>SvelteKit MDsveX (Markdown for Svelte) Blog</h2>
118 </header>
119 <picture>
120   <source
121     data-sizes={sizes}
122     data-srcset={meImageSrcsetWebp}
123     type="image/webp"
124     width="672"
125     height="448"
126   />
127   <source
128     data-sizes={sizes}
129     data-srcset={meImageSrcset}
130     type="image/jpeg"
131     width="672"
132     height="448"
133   />
134   <img
135     class="lazy"
136     alt={featuredImageAlt}
137     loading="eager"
138     decoding="async"
139     width="672"
140     height="448"
141     data-src={meImage}
142     src={dominantColours[0]}
143   />
144 </picture>

  

💯 SvelteKit Image Plugin: Testing it out #

If you hit refresh on the page, you should see the dominant colour flash and then the actual image. Inspect the picture element in your browser. You will see the plugin has worked its magic and the src and data-src attributes match. Similarly, it will have added sizes and srcset attributes.

Next, let’s replace dominantColours[0] with placeholders[0] in line 139. Remember we returned an array of placeholders, since we want the first element in that array (of just one image in our case), we use index 0.

If your image looks a little grainy on the dev server, I noticed this too. However, when I pushed to a live server and published the demo site for this post, it looked fine.

🔌 SvelteKit Image Plugin: Image Component #

It could get tiresome including all the boilerplate code on every image of our site. As an alternative, you might consider wrapping up some functionality into a component. There is an Image component which does exactly this in @rodneylab/sveltekit-components  :

    
<script>
  import { Image } from '@rodneylab/sveltekit-components';
</script>
 
<Image {alt} {width} {height} {src} {sources} {placeholder} {sizes} style={'border-radius:12px'} />

  

You can see docs on the component's Git Hub page  .

🙌🏽 SvelteKit Image Plugin: Wrap Up

In this post, we:

• had an introduction to async/await in JavaScript;

• saw how to generate dominant colour as well as low resolution placeholders using the sharp image processing plugin; and

• learned how to add cached, Next-Gen, responsive images with no cumulative layout shift using a SvelteKit image plugin.

You can see the full code for this tutorial on the Rodney Lab GitHub page  . There is also a demo site  .

I really do hope you found this SvelteKit Image plugin article useful. You will note we included a static import of the image file in the page Svelte code. This will be perfect for a lot of situations. Where you render a page using a template, and the image included is different for each invocation of the template (for example the banner image in a blog post), you will need to use a dynamic import. That way, you can pull in the right image for each page at build time, without having to include all possible images in the template. We will look at how to do this in this post dedicated to SvelteKit dynamic image import.

🏁 SvelteKit Image Plugin: Summary #

Does SvelteKit have a built-in image plugin? #

There is currently no built-in image plugin which automatically generates next-generation copies of image in responsive sizes. However, SvelteKit uses Vite tooling and the vite-imagetools plugin is fantastic. You can use the plugin to generate images in the next-gen formats and responsive sizes you want. The plugin takes care of hashing the images so that Vite can cache them. To generate the images, you just import the original JPEG or PNG file in a Svelte component with a special query string on the end. The query string details the image formats you want vite-imagetools to generate together with output image sizes. As well as the images themselves, you can get metadata such as input height and width by tweaking the query string. Although vite-imagetools generates all the images you need for responsive images, you still need to add the responsive markup yourself. This lets you choose low resolution placeholders and add lazy loading.

How can you add lazy-loading images in SvelteKit? #

You can easily add lazy loading images in SvelteKit using the vanilla-lazyload package. Lazy loading images are ones which do not load initially, but rather just before they are scrolled into view. The advantage of implementing lazy lading is that the browser can focus on loading visible content quicker, improving user experience. To make an image lazy load using the plugin, just add the lazy class. You can also add low-resolution placeholders for your images using vanilla-lazyload. Doing so means the page content will not shift as the images load (known as cumulative layout shift). This is another user experience quick win.

What are responsive images? #

Responsive images are the set of images your server can make available for different screen formats. For your images to look sharp on Retina displays, you need to provide an image, double the width it will be displayed at. This can be quite large if you want to cater for large desktop screens. That same image on a small mobile screen will be far larger than needed. If the user has a slow internet connection or limited data, you end up degrading the user experience with a far larger image than needed. By making smaller images available and adding some markup to your images, you can let the user browser know what image sizes are available and let it choose the best one for its own display size.

What are next-gen images? #

The idea behind next-gen images to preserve the image quality, while offering smaller image file sizes. This can mean users download images quicker and get a better user experience. JPEG and PNG are more traditional formats. WebP images can be used to encode either, typically the image is degraded slightly but much smaller than the original. AVIF is a newer, next-gen format offering improvements on WebP compression. WebP currently enjoys wider support than AVIF, so serving fallback alternatives is best practice. The browser can iterate through the alternatives you supply until it finds one it can work with. The latest format is JPEG XL, this looks like a promising replacement as the standard, the support needs to grow a little before it can get there.

🙏🏽 SvelteKit Image Plugin: Feedback #

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